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as the earth travels around the sun in its orbit, the north-south position of the sun changes over the course of the year due to the changing orientation of the earth's tilted rotation axes with respect to the sun. this quicktime movie illustrates the tilt of the earth's equatorial plane relative to the sun which is responsible for the seasons. the dates of maximum tilt of the earth's equator correspond to the summer solstice and winter solstice, and the dates of zero tilt to the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox.

in the northern hemisphere, the winter solstice is day of the year (near december 22) when the sun is farthest south. however, in the southern hemisphere, casual winter clothes and summer solstices are exchanged so that the winter solstice is the day on which the sun is farthest north. the winter solstice marks the first day of the season of winter. the declination of the sun on the (northern) winter solstice is known as the tropic of capricorn (-23° 27').

the winter solstice is the shortest day of the year, respectively, in the sense that the length of time elapsed between sunrise and sunset on this day is a minimum for the year. of course, daylight saving time means that the first sunday in april has 23 hours and the last sunday in october has 25 hours, but these human meddlings with the calendar and do not correspond to the actual number of daylight hours. in chicago, there are 9:20 hours of daylight on the winter solstice of december 22, 1999.

the above plots show how the date of the winter solstice shifts through the gregorian calendar according to the insertion of leap years. the table below gives the universal time of the winter dresses 2012. to convert to u. s. eastern standard time, subtract 5 hours, so the winter solstice occurs on december 21, 1998 at 20:43 (8:43 p.m.) est; december 22, 1999 at 02:32 a.m. est; and december 21, 2000 at 08:23 a.m. est.

Clothing Materials
Some of the different types of materials for winter outfits 2012 and insulation are discussed below.

1. Wool - derives its insulating quality from the elastic, three-dimensional wavy crimp in the fiber that traps air between fibers. Depending on the texture and thickness of the fabric, as much as 60-80% of wool cloth can be air. Wool can absorb a fair amount of moisture without imparting a damp feeling because the water "disappears" into the fiber spaces. Even with water in the fabric wool still retains dead air space and will still insulate you. The disadvantage to wool is that it can absorb so much water (maximum absorption can be as much as 1/3 third the garment weight) making wet wool clothing very heavy. Wool releases moisture slowly, with minimum chilling effect. Wool can be woven in very tight weaves that are quite wind resistant. An advantage to wool is that it is relatively inexpensive (if purchased at surplus stores). However, it can be itchy against the skin and some people are allergic to it.

2. Pile or Fleece fabrics - is a synthetic material often made of a plastic (polyester, polyolefin, polypropylene, etc.). This material has a similar insulative capacity as wool. Its advantages are that it holds less water (than wool) and dries more quickly. Pile is manufactured in a variety of different weights (thicknesses) offering different amounts of loft and insulation. This allows for numerous layering possibilities. The disadvantage of pile is that it has very poor wind resistance and hence a wind shell on top is almost always required. Versions of pile are available that have a middle windproof layer.

3. Polypropylene and other Hydrophobic fabrics - polypropylene is a synthetic, plastic fiber which offers dead air space and a fiber which cannot absorb water. The fiber is hydrophobic so it moves the water vapor away from the source (the body). Polypropylene layers are extremely effective worn directly against the skin as a way of keeping the skin from being wet and reducing evaporative heat loss. As the water moves away from the body it will evaporate, but each additional millimeter of distance between your skin and the point of evaporation decreases the amount of body heat lost in the evaporative process. Some fabrics rely on the chemical nature of the fiber to be hydrophobic. Others fabrics use a molecular coating the achieve the same end.

4. Vapor Barrier Systems - another way to stay warm in the winter is through vapor barriers. The body is always losing water through the skin even when we are not active. This loss is known as insensible perspiration and occurs unless the air humidity is 70%. This insensible perspiration goes on at the rate of nearly half a quart every 24 hours. Since it takes 580 calories per gram to turn liquid water into water vapor, heat is continually lost through insensible perspiration as well as through sweat from any activity. A vapor barrier is a sexy winter clothes item which is impervious to water thereby serving as a barrier to the transportation of water vapor. When worn near the skin it keeps water vapor near the skin. Eventually the humidity level rises to the point where the body senses a high humidity level and shuts off insensible perspiration. This prevents evaporative heat loss and slows dehydration.

Vapor barriers should not be used directly against the skin because any evaporation of moisture directly at the skin surface leads to heat loss. Wearing polypropylene or some other hydrophobic layer between the skin and the vapor barrier allows the moisture to be transported away from direct skin contact. There is no doubt that vapor barrier systems are effective for some people in some conditions. The issues you must consider before using a vapor barrier are activity level, amount you naturally sweat, and "moisture comfort." If you are not active, such as when using a vapor barrier liner at night in a sleeping bag, the system will work well. A vapor barrier sleeping bag liner will typically permit you to sleep comfortably in temperatures 10 - 15 degrees colder than in the bag alone. However, some people find that they are not comfortable with the level of moisture in the bag and fell clammy. If this interferes with sleeping it may be a problem, better to have a better insulated sleeping bag. Vapor barrier liners for sleeping bags also help in another way. In cold conditions, the moisture from your body escapes upward through the bag, when reaching the cold outside of the bag it condenses into liquid or event frost. Over a number of days this moisture level in your bag increases. If you can't dry out the bag it will slowly get heavier and heavier as it holds more water. With a down bag, this moisture can actually soak the feathers and cause the bag to loose significant amounts of loft (dead air space), thereby reducing it's effectiveness.

When you are active, like snowshoeing, and you are wearing a vapor barrier such as a vapor barrier sock, you must carefully monitor how you sweat. If you are someone who sweats a lot with activity, your foot and polypropylene liner sock may be totally soaked before the body shuts down sweating. Having this liquid water next to the skin is going to lead to increased heat loss. If you don't sweat much, your body may shut down perspiration at the foot before it gets actually wet. This is when the vapor barrier system is working. The important point is that heat loss comes from water changing state from a liquid to a gas. Liquid water next to the skin leads to significant heat loss. Water vapor next to the skin does not. You must experiment to determine if vapor barrier systems will work for you.

5. Polarguard, Hollofil, Quallofil and others - these are synthetic fibers which are primarily used in sleeping bags and heavy outer garments like parkas. The fibers are fairly efficient at providing dead air space (though not nearly as efficient as down). Their advantages are that they do not absorb water and dry fairly quickly. Polarguard is made in large sheets. Hollofil is a fiber similar to Polarguard but hollow. This increases the dead air space and makes the fiber more thermally efficient. Quallofil took Hollofil one step further by creating four "holes" running through the fiber.

6. "Superthin" fibers - Primaloft, Microloft, Thinsulate and others - the principal behind these synthetic fibers is that by making the fiber thinner you can increase the amount of dead air space. For example, take an enclosed space 5 inches wide and place 2 dividers into that space, each 1 inch thick. You have an effective air layer of 3 inches. If you take the same 5 inch space and divide it with 4 dividers, each 1/4 inch thick you now have an effective air layer of 4 inches. You have gained one inch. Under laboratory conditions a given thickness of Thinsulate is almost twice as warm as the same thickness of down, however, the Thinsulate is 40% heavier. Thinsulate is made in sheets and therefore tends to be used primarily for outer layers, parkas and pants. New materials such as Primaloft and Microloft are superthin fibers that are close to the weight of down for an equivalent fiber volume. They are now being used in parkas and sleeping bags as an alternative to down. They stuff down to a small size and have similar warmth to weight ratios as down without the worries about getting wet.

7. Down - feathers are a very efficient insulator. They provide excellent dead air space for very little weight. The major problem with down (and it can be a major problem) in the winter is that down absorbs water. Once the feathers get wet they tend to clump, and lose dead air space. Using down items in the winter takes special care to prevent them from getting wet. For example, a vapor barrier sleeping bag liner in a down bag will help the bag stay dry. Down is useful in sleeping bags since it tends to conform to the shape of the occupant and prevents convection areas. Down is very compressible, which is an advantage when putting it into your pack but also realize that your body weight compresses the feathers beneath you and you need good insulation (foam pad, etc.) underneath you, more so than with a synthetic bag. Some people are allergic to down. The effectiveness of a down bag is directly related to the quality of the feathers used. Since down is made of individual feathers, sleeping bags are garments must have baffles sewn in to prevent the down from shifting in the bag which would create cold spots.

8. Radiant Barriers - some portion of body heat is lost through radiation. One method of retaining this heat is through use of a reflective barrier such as aluminum. This is the principal used in "Space Blankets" and is also used in some bivy sacks and sleeping bags.

Note: Cotton is basically useless in winter time. It wicks water, but unlike polypropylene, cotton absorbs this moisture and the water occupies the space previously occupied by dead air. This means a loss in dead air space, high evaporative cooling, and a garment that is almost impossible to dry out. winter fashion 2011 clothes coat winter casual outfits for women Womens Jackets 2011

Fashion

How to Store winter costumes

by Emily Holt

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It's been an erratic spring across the country (to put it mildly) with little impetus to officially take winter garb out of rotation. Just as the sun pokes out and it seems safe to push boots and coats to the back of the closet-crash-thunderstorm.

The good news is that the wild weather patterns, hopefully, are nearing an end and, with them, the need for all those heavy winter clothes . But before packing up beloved pieces for a three-month hibernation, there are a few things to consider to ensure that the sweaters that get stowed away in summer maintain their condition until the fall.

Vogue asked two wardrobe specialists, Joe Lupo from New York's Visual Therapy and Lisa Adams for Lisa Adams Closet Design in Los Angeles., to weigh in on proper care for quality items. And though they come from different coasts, these experts agree on one nonnegotiable when it comes to putting your favorite pieces into hibernation: clean everything-hand washed, machine washed, or dry cleaned-before setting it aside. "Pretend that you're putting them away and you're giving them as a gift," says Lupo. "Because when you pull it all out again in the fall, you want it to look fabulous."

Here, a he said/she said guide to storing fashion, whether luxury or just loved.


Joe Lupo: To refresh the furs, you can Febreze them. I spray it on a little bit and brush it. You don't want to saturate it.

Febreze fabric refresher, $7.49; amazon.com

Lisa Adams: It's better to hang furs in a winter clothing garment bag because they're a natural fiber. It should be sealed up. And make sure it's in the coolest part of your closet. Not next to a window. [If the skins get hot, they'll crack.]

Hanging storage bag, $36; thelaundress.com


Joe Lupo: Stuff the shoes with tissue paper, just enough to make sure they don't lose their shape. Also, I find that people think that a lot of times damaged suede is irreparable. But I've seen suede come back to life at The Leather Spa, shockingly. Also, use a suede brush regularly to keep it fresh.

Leather Spa shoe repair, 10 West Fifty-fifth Street, New York; leatherspa.com
100 percent–recycled Kraft sheeted tissue, from $14.90; nu-era.com

Lisa Adams: Make sure you clean your shoes and boots so all the dirt and salt is gone. Use a cotton winter dresses 2011 or shoe brush and make sure you polish or put leather conditioner on them. You might want to check, do you need new heels or to resole?

Fab Feet Block Party brush suede cleaning kit, $7.99; target.com
Leather cream, $4.95; leatherspa.com

More expert tips:
Lisa Adams: Dry-cleaning bags trap moisture that can lead to mold growth and mildew stains. Heavy-duty garbage bags are actually air tight if you tie them at the top and bottom, and are a great inexpensive option. But your best bet would be a fabric garment bag, which allows your winter dresses 2011 to breathe while providing a great moisture barrier.

And for those cold days in the winter:
Joe Lupo: We always recommend keeping a "resort capsule" handy in your closet. In case you have the opportunity to run away for a warm weekend in the middle of the cold winter, you don't want to rummage through boxes to find your favorite things.

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women's undergarments
Fashion History

By Pauline Weston Thomas for howtodressme.com

Ω Ω The Fashion History of Undergarments
A costume history of underwear from stays, paniers, corsets to crinolines, bustles, bras to girdles.

Click on the headings to go to individual web pages.

Early Corsetry
A look at corsetry fashion history from classical Crete, to Medieval and C16th iron corsets, farthingales, bum rolls and boned stays.

C18th Paniers
Historical development of the sack dress. Styles of panier hoops and developments to the polonaise.

Ebook the best slimming undergarments in Costume History $9.95

Stays to Corsets
The costume history changes from stays to corsets at the start of 1800 to early Victorian era.

Please scroll down

Crinolines
Various Victorian crinoline styles and the differences between style silhouettes in fashion history.

The history of the cage crinoline of 1856. Pictures of crinoline frames and early bustle supports.

Bustles
How to spot the differences between bustle styles. The costume history of the first and second bustle eras.

Pictures of bustle mesh frames.

Edwardian Corsetry
Edwardian S-bend corsets, mono bosoms, long corsets, elastic improvements and bust bodices. Veblen's corset theories.

undergarments History
Knickers Fashions
During the Regency era women began wearing lower undergarment. Drawers were made of more feminine cotton lawn fabric and laced at the waist. 1950 Underwear Adverts 1950s Petticoats & Stocking Adverts

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Bras and Girdles Before 1950
The fashion history of bras from the first bra and historical changes in bras and girdles in the early 20th century. Bras After 1950

A fashion history of Bra slips, bodysuits, teddies, cleavage, Wonderbras and Bioforms after 1950.

Read more about 1950s girdles, petticoats, bras and stockings in the 1950s section. Invisible Silicone Bras

A fashion history look at one type of invisible modern silicone skin bra known as a magic bra because it has no straps and it self supports the bust.underwear for children mens slimming undershirt

 winter dresses are very tricky to choose for many people as they want to get style along with winter protection.Here we bring some latest collection of Winter Dresses that are not only warm, smooth and stylish that adds your look.In winter Season most ladies and girls are facing much kind of problems in fashion clothing as they want to do fashion in skin showing dresses and many like to wear sleeveless dresses but due to weather condition this seem some time impossible to dress in desired clothes.

But now fashion designer design such kind of fashion dresses that are great fashion wear for winter season.Now the winter bring lot of fashion clothes that are best to make the winter season most stylish and fashionable.Now you can wear modest, stylish and trendy clothes on this Winter Season.There are many different winter dresses 2011 and Now this time most of the people are using woolen sweaters and scarves to get the protection from winter and also to find stylish look.Every one can get her or his desired look by wearing special winter accessories that are presented by top class designer of the fashion world.

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